Cytokines and MMPs levels in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy

The study of host response in periodontal disease may provide a mechanism to monitor disease progression. the purpose of the present research was to determine the levels of IL-1alfa, IL-1beta, TNF-alfa, IL-6, IL-6sR, IL-8, IL-10, MMP-3 and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) in order to evaluate therapy response. methodology: eleven patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and eleven healthy subjects were selected for this study. clinical measurements, including probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were carried out in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and periodontal healthy controls. the clinical indexes evaluated were: gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI). samples of GCF were taken from one tooth per quadrant before and 45 days after NSPT. the levels of inflammatory mediators were measured by ELISA. results: the values of all clinical parameters decressed significsntly after treatment. the concentration levels of all cytokines and MMP-3 and MMP-8 in the GCF sample were higher in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis compared to the healthy group. all inflammatory mediators decreased after therapy, but did not reach control values; IL-6, Il-6sR, IL-10 and TNF-alfa, attained the highest reduction (70 percent -54 percent); the vales of MMP3, IL-1alfa, IL-1beta and IL-8 were reduced between 50 percent ­ 34 percent; and MMP-8 showed the lowest decrease (28 percent). conclusion: all clinical parameters and cytokines levels decreased after NSPT. the mediators TNF-alfa IL-6, IL-6sR, and IL-10 showed the largest variation between before and after NSPT and could thus be used to evaluate therapy response.

Chronic Periodontitis and RANKL/OPG Ratio in Peri-Implant Mucosae Inflammation

Abstract tHistory of chronic periodontitis (CP) is a risk factor for oseointegration failure. The osteoclastogenesis system (RANK, RANKL and OPG) is critical for bone homeostatic control. We investigated the levels of OPG and RANKL in peri-implant tissues from volunteers with and without a history of CP and their association with mucosae inflammation. This is a single-blind case-contro study. Diagnosis of a history of CP and peri-implant examination was performed on 46 volunteers, divided into control (without history of CP, n=26) and CP group (with history of CP, n=20). Gingival biopsies were harvested during implant exposure. Quantitative PCR evaluated OPG/RANKL mRNA expressions. OPG and RANKL proteins were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemistry assay. The chi-square test analyzed the significance of nominal variables between groups while continuous variables were analyzed by T-test or Mann-Whitney test, after Shapiro-Wilk test evaluation. The 2-ΔΔCT Livak method calculation evaluated the gene expression. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Volunteers with CP history had 23 times higher chance of developing mucosae inflammation. High mucosae levels of RANKL (p=0.04) and RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) mRNA expressions were observed in CP group. CP volunteers showed increased RANKL protein levels in opposition to decreased OPG expression. Even without active periodontitis, volunteers with a history of CP had elevated gingival levels of RANKL/OPG and higher correlation with peri-implant mucosae inflammation and implant loss.

Resumo A história de periodontite crônica (CP) é um fator de risco para falhas na osseointegração. O sistema de osteoclastogênese (RANK, RANKL e OPG) é crucial para o controle da homeostase óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os níveis de OPG e RANKL no tecido peri-implantar de voluntários com e sem histórico de CP e sua associação com inflamação da mucosa. Este é um estudo tipo caso-controle. O exame para diagnóstico de CP e na região peri-implantar foi realizado em 46 voluntários, divididos em controle (sem história CP, n=26) e grupo CP (com histórico de CP, n=20). Descartes gengivais foram obtidos durante a exposição do implante. PCR quantitativo avaliou a expressão do RNAm de OPG/RANKL. As proteínas OPG e RANKL foram analisadas por western blot e imunohistoquímica. O teste do qui-quadrado analisou a significância entre as variáveis nominais enquanto as variáveis contínuas foram analisadas pelo teste-t e Mann-Whitney, após o teste de Shapiro-wilk. O método do Livak 2--ΔΔCT avaliou a expressão gênica. Os voluntários com CP apresentaram 23 vezes mais chances de desenvolver inflamação da mucosa. Expressão elevada no RNAm de RANKL (p=0.04) e RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) foram observadas no grupo CP. Voluntários com CP mostraram aumento dos níveis da proteína RANKL em contraste com diminuída expressão de OPG. Mesmo sem periodontite ativa, voluntários com histórico de CP apresentaram elevado nível gengival de RANKL/OPG e alta correlação com inflamação peri-implantar e perda do implante.

Effect of Alox-15 Polymorphism on GCF Levels of Lipoxin-A4 in Chronic Periodontitis: A Preliminary Study

Lipoxins play an important role in periodontal resolution, hence, investigation of genetic polymorphism of lipoxin gene may provide important information on the role of lipoxins in periodontal disease pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate a polymorphism of C-to-T substitution at position c.-292 in ALOX15 (reticulocyte-type 15 lipoxygenase 1) gene in patients with chronic periodontitis and to associate the polymorphism with gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) lipoxin A4 (LXA4) levels. Forty-five chronic periodontitis and 45 periodontally healthy patients were included in this case-control study. Plaque index, calculus index, sulcus bleeding index, full mouth probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. GCF and blood samples were collected. GCF was analyzed for LXA4 levels by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. Genotyping of ALOX15 polymorphism was studied using PCR. Mean LXA4 was lower in periodontitis group compared to the periodontally healthy group. There was a negative correlation between CAL and LXA4. The CC genotype was higher in the study group than in the control group. In the study group, mean CAL was significantly lower among individuals with the CT genotype. Mean LXA4 was significantly lower in CC genotype (45.0±7.11 ng/mL) compared to CT genotype (50.81±5.81 ng/mL) among the patients with periodontitis. The results suggest that LXA4 and c.-292T allele are associated with periodontal health. Polymorphisms in the ALOX15 gene may influence periodontal disease pathogenesis. Hence, investigation of such polymorphisms could benefit the evaluation of lipoxins role in periodontal disease.

Resumo Lipoxinas desempenham um papel importante na recuperação periodonta, portanto, a investigação do polimorfismo genético do gene da lipoxina pode fornecer informações importantes sobre o papel das lipoxinas na patogênese da doença periodontal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar um polimorfismo de substituição C-to-T na posição c-292 no gene ALOX15 (reticulócito-tipo 15 lipoxigenase 1) em pacientes com periodontite crônica e associar o polimorfismo com a lipoxina A4 (LXA4) do fluido gengival crevicular (FGC). Quarenta e cinco pacientes com periodontite crônica e 45 pacientes periodonalmente saudáveis foram incluídos neste estudo caso-controle. Índice de placa, índice de cálculo, índice de sangramento do sulco, profundidade de sondagem (PS) da boca toda e perda de inserção clínica (PIC) foram registrados. Amostras do FGC e de sangue foram coletadas. O FGC foi analisado quanto aos níveis de LXA4 por ensaio imunoadsorvente ligado à enzima (ELISA). A genotipagem do polimorfismo ALOX15 foi estudada por PCR. A média de LXA4 foi menor no grupo de periodontite em comparação com o grupo periodontalmente saudável. Houve uma correlação negativa entre PIC e LXA4. O genótipo CC foi maior no grupo de estudo do que no grupo controle. No grupo de estudo, a média de PIC foi significativamente menor entre os indivíduos com o genótipo CT. A média de LXA4 foi significativamente menor no genótipo CC (45,0 ± 7,11 ng / mL) em comparação com o genótipo CT (50,81 ± 5,81 ng / mL) entre os pacientes com periodontite. Os resultados sugerem que o alelo LXA4 e o alelo c-292T estão associados à saúde periodontal. Polimorfismos no gene ALOX15 podem influenciar a patogênese da doença periodontal. Assim, a investigação de tais polimorfismos pode beneficiar a avaliação do papel das lipoxinas na doença periodontal.

Marcadores salivares para a periodontite crônica no diabético tipo 2 / Salivar markers for chronic periodontitis in diabetic type 2

Introdução: a periodontite crônica é a sexta doença infecciosa mais prevalente no mundo, seus fatores de risco são o aumento da idade, tabaco, fatores genéticos, obesidade e distúrbios sistêmicos como o diabetes. O diabetes é uma pandemia tanto em países desenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento, é uma doença complexa com graus variados de complicações sistêmicas e orais. Assim, é urgente a necessidade de um método fácil para detectá-la permitindo a intervenção antes da progressão da doença periodontal. Á análise de metabólitos da saliva tem sido proposta como uma ferramenta efetiva para o diagnóstico e tratamento periodontal. Objetivo: discorrer sobre alternativas de diagnóstico de periodontite crônica em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 utilizando marcadores salivares. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica no Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), para a realização do referido levantamento, utilizou-se os descritores "Type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic periodontitis, Biomarkers, Saliva". Resultados: a detecção precoce da periodontite crônica não é apenas vital para reduzir a sua gravidade e prevenir complicações, mas também crítico para aumentar a taxa de sucesso da terapia. Conclusão: a utilização de biomarcadores na medicina é uma realidade difundida e tem relação direta com a modernização dos meios de saúde, na odontologia vem se pleiteando seu uso, mas ainda necessita de maiores estudos e aperfeiçoamentos das técnicas já empregadas com o intuito de diminuir seus custos, aumentar especificidade e acesso dos profissionais de saúde.(AU)

Introduction: Chronic periodontitis is the sixth most prevalent infectious disease in the world. Its risk factors are increased age, tobacco, genetic factors, obesity, and systemic disorders such as diabetes. Diabetes is a pandemic in both developed and developing countries, it is a complex disease with varying degrees of systemic and oral complications. Thus, there is an urgent need for an easy method to detect it allowing intervention before the progression of periodontal disease. The analysis of saliva metabolites has been proposed as an effective tool for periodontal diagnosis and treatment. Objective: To discuss alternatives for diagnosis of chronic periodontitis in type 2 diabetic patients using salivary markers. Methodology: An electronic search was performed in the Portal of Periodicals of the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES). The descriptors "Type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic periodontitis, Biomarkers, Saliva" were used to perform this survey. Results: early detection of chronic periodontitis is not only vital to reduce its severity and prevent complications, but also critical to increase the success rate of therapy. Conclusion: the use of biomarkers in medicine is a widespread reality and has a direct relationship with the modernization of health facilities. In dentistry, its use has been sought, but it still needs further studies and improvements of techniques already employed with the intention of reducing its Increase the specificity and access of health professionals.(AU)

Cytokine and metalloproteinases in gingival fluid from patients with chronic periodontitis / Niveles de citocinas y metaloproteinasas en fluido gingival de pacientes con periodontitis crónica

The purpose of the present research was to determine the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-6sR, IL-8, IL-10, MMP-3 and MMP-8 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects with chronic periodontitis. Clinical measurements were carried out in 20 patients with chronic periodontitis and 11 periodontally healthy controls. The clinical indexes evaluated were: gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL); the measurements were taken at six sites per tooth in all teeth in each subject. GCF samples were taken from one tooth per quadrant, and the levels of mediators were measured using an ELISA test. Statistically significant differences were observed between patients and control group in relation to all clinical parameters evaluated (p<0.05). The gingival concentrations, in pg/mL, of IL-1α (patients: 239.06 ± 65.5 vs control: 97.79 ± 15.81), IL-1β (patients: 157.19 ± 36.4 vs control: 63.44 ± 19.04), TNF-α (patients: 10.87 ± 1.7 vs control: 1.15 ± 0.84), IL-6 (patients: 3.77 ±1.7 vs control: 0.43 ± 0.22), IL-6Sr (patients: 655.59 ± 185.8 vs control: 73.59 ± 23.18), IL-8 (patients: 496.3 ± 155.3 vs control: 206.13 ± 46.63), IL-10 (patients: 10.75 ± 3.6 vs control: 2.41 ± 0.57), MMP-3 (patients: 3531 ± 1558.2 vs control: 724.84 ± 289.51) and MMP-8 (patients: 8231.70± 1279.2 vs control: 1534.67± 814.90) were significantly greater in patients with periodontal disease than in the control group (p<0.001). The higher levels of the cytokines and metalloproteinases obtained in this study were significantly associated with the severity of the periodontal disease.

El propósito de la presente investigación fue determinar los niveles de IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-6sR, IL-8, IL-10, MMP-3 and MMP-8 en fluido gingival crevicular (FGC) de sujetos con periodontitis crónica. Se evaluaron los parámetros clínicos en 20 pacientes con periodontitis crónica y 11 controles periodontalmente sanos. Los índices clínicos evaluados fueron: indice gingival (IG), indice de placa dental (IP), sangramiento al sondaje (SS), profundidad del saco (PS) y nivel de inserción (NI). Las muestras de FGC fueron tomadas de un diente por cada cuadrante y los niveles de los mediadores fueron medidos utilizando la prueba de ELISA. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los pacientes y el grupo control en relación a todos los parámetros clínicos evaluados (p<0,05). Las concentraciones en fluido gingival en pg/mL de IL-1α(pacientes: 239,06 ± 65,5 vs control: 97,79 ± 15,81), IL-1β (pacientes: 157,19 ± 36,4 vs control: 63,44 ± 19,04), TNF-α (pacientes: 10,87 ± 1,7 vs control: 1,15 ± 0,84), IL-6 (pacientes: 3,77 ±1,7 vs control: 0,43 ± 0,22), IL-6Sr (pacientes: 655,59 ± 185,8 vs control: 73,59 ± 23,18), IL-8 (pacientes: 496,3 ± 155,3 vs control: 206,13 ± 46,63), IL-10 (pacientes: 10,75 ± 3.6 vs control: 2,41 ± 0,57), MMP-3 (pacientes: 3531 ± 1558,2 vs control: 724,84 ± 289,51) and MMP-8 (pacientes: 8231,70± 1279,2 vs control: 1534,67± 814,90), estuvieron significativamente mayores en pacientes con enfermedad periodontal que en el grupo control. (p<0,001). Los niveles elevados de citocinas y metaloproteinasas obtenidos en este estudio estuvieron significativamente asociados con la severidad de la enfermedad periodontal.

Immunoexpression of HIF-1α and VEGF in Periodontal Disease and Healthy Gingival Tissues

Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are proteins that stimulate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. These proteins have been described in many pathologic and inflammatory conditions, but their involvement in the development of periodontitis has not been thoroughly investigated. This study compared the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins, involved in angiogenesis and hypoxia, by imunnostained inflammatory and endothelial cells in periodontal disease and healthy gingival tissues. Gingival tissue samples were divided as follows: 30 samples with chronic periodontitis, 30 with chronic gingivitis, and 30 of healthy gingiva. Results were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Spearman correlation tests (p=0.01). Inflammatory and endothelial cells were found to express these proteins. Periodontitis showed median percentage of HIF-1α-positive cells of 39.6%, 22.0% in cases of gingivitis and 0.9% in the healthy gingiva group (p=0.001). For VEGF, median percentage of immunopositive cells was 68.7% for periodontitis, 66.1% in cases for gingivitis, and 19.2% for healthy gingival specimens (p<0.001). Significant correlation between VEGF and HIF-1α was also observed in healthy gingiva (p<0.001).The increased expression of HIF-1αα and VEGF in periodontitis, compared to gingivitis and healthy gingiva, suggests possible activation of the HIF-1α pathway in advanced periodontal disease. The correlation between HIF-1α and VEGF expression in healthy gingiva suggests a physiological function for these proteins in conditions of homeostasis. In periodontal disease, HIF-1 and VEGF expression may be regulated by other factors, in addition to hypoxia, such as bacterial endotoxins and inflammatory cytokines.

Resumo O fator induzível por hipóxia 1 alfa (HIF-1α) e o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) são proteínas que estimulam a proliferação e a migração de células endoteliais. Estas proteínas têm sido descritas em muitas condições patológicas e inflamatórias, mas o envolvimento dessas no desenvolvimento de periodontite não foi completamente investigado. Este estudo comparou a expressão imunohistoquímica destas proteínas, envolvidas na angiogênese e hipóxia, na doença periodontal e em tecidos gengivais saudáveis por meio de contagem de células inflamatórias e endoteliais imunomarcadas. As amostras de tecido gengival foram divididas da seguinte forma: 30 amostras com periodontite crônica, 30 com gengivite crônica e 30 de gengiva saudável. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney (p=0.01). As células inflamatórias e endoteliais foram positivas para estas proteínas. A porcentagem média de células positivas para HIF-1α foi de 39,6% nos casos de periodontite, 22,0% nos casos de gengivite e de 0,9% no grupo de gengiva saudável (p = 0,001). A porcentagem média de células imunopositivas para o VEGF foi de 68,7% nos casos de periodontite, 66,1% nos casos de gengivite, e 19,2% em espécimes gengivais saudáveis (p<0,001). Correlação significativa entre o VEGF e HIF-1α foi observada em gengival. A expressão elevada do HIF-1α e VEGF em periodontite, comparada a gengivite e gengiva saudável, sugere ativação da via do HIF-1α, na doença periodontal avançada. A correlação entre o HIF-1α e expressão de VEGF na gengiva saudável, sugere uma função fisiológica para estas proteínas em condições de homeostase. Na doença periodontal, a expressão de HIF-1α e VEGF pode ser regulada por outros fatores, além da hipóxia, tais como endotoxinas bacterianas e citocinas inflamatórias.

Comparison of salivary levels of mucin and amylase and their relation with clinical parameters obtained from patients with aggressive and chronic periodontal disease

Objective Salivary mucin and amylase levels are increased in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Due to the fact that aggressive periodontitis (AgP) not only differs from chronic periodontitis in terms of its clinical manifestation, the aim of this study was to compare salivary mucin and amylase levels and their relation to the clinical parameters of patients with aggressive periodontitis with that of patients with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods Eighty subjects were divided into two groups: 20 patients with AgP and their 20 matched controls and 20 patients with CP and their 20 matched controls, based on clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Whole unstimulated saliva was obtained and mucin, amylase and protein were determined by colorimetric methods. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between salivary mucin, amylase and protein levels and the clinical parameters. Results Salivary mucin, amylase and protein levels were increased in patients with AgP and CP but there were no differences between them or between control groups. Pearson's correlation analysis, determined in the entire subjects studied, showed a positive and significant correlation of mucin, amylase and proteins with CAL and PPD and a negative correlation with the flow rate. When Pearson's correlation analysis was carried out in each group separately, Fisher's z transformation showed no significant difference between both groups. Conclusion Comparison of the salivary levels of mucin, amylase and protein and their relationship with clinical parameters of AgP patients with that of CP patients revealed no differences between both groups. .

Expresión de citoquinas Th17 y su correlación con periodontopatógenos y el área periodontal inflamada en pacientes con periodontitis crónica / Th17 cytokines expression and its correlation with periodontopathogens and periodontal inflammed surface area (PISA) in patients with chronic periodontitis

Antecedentes: La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria infecciosa que involucra una respuesta inmune del hospedero y se caracteriza por destrucción del hueso alveolar, el objetivo del estudio es analizar la expresión de citoquinas Th17 y su correlación con periodontopatógenos y el área periodontal inflamada en pacientes con periodontitis crónica. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio en el que se reclutaron 23 pacientes con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica y un grupo control de 10 individuos sano/gingivitis. A todos los sujetos se les realizó un examen periodontal completo. Además, se utilizó el método PISA (Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area) para cuantificar el tamaño de la herida periodontal. Se recolectaron muestras de FGC, plasma y placa bacteriana para su análisis mediante técnica de ELISA de IL-17 A, IL-6, IL-23 y IL-10 y PCR para la determinación de la presencia de: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum y P. intermedia. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva y la asociación entre variables se estimó a través de modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: Se observó una tendencia al aumento, no significativa, de los niveles de IL-17A, IL-6 y IL-23 a nivel de FGC en los sujetos con periodontitis crónica (p=0.716, 0.784, 0.421, respectivamente). Los pacientes con periodontitis crónica presentaron una disminución de la IL-10 (p=0.012) y los niveles de IL-17A se correlacionaron positivamente con el área periodontal inflamada (p=0.004). A nivel de los patógenos periodontales, se observó una asociación entre la presencia de: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis y los niveles de IL-6 plasmática (p=0.017, 0.033, 0.024, respectivamente).

Objective: Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease that involves a host immune response and is characterized by alveolar bone destruction. Aim: Analyze the expression of Th17 cytokines and their correlation with periodontopathogens and periodontal inflamed area in patients with chronic periodontitis. Method: A case control study was performed. At the time of delivery, 23 cases of patients with periodontal diagnosis were enrolled in the study and 10 controls with gingivitis. The diagnosis involved a complete periodontal examination with periodontal Florida probe. Also we used the PISA (Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area) index to classify the groups. Plasma and GCF samples were collected and studied for protein expression by ELISA assays for IL17A, Il6, IL23 and IL10. Plaque was analyzed by PCR for the determination of the presence of: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the association between variables was estimated through logistic regression models. Results: There is a trend of increased GCF levels of IL17A, IL6, and IL23 with no significance. However there was an association between gingivitis and IL10 plasma and GCF levels (p=0.012). In relation to the periodontal wound size, a correlation was observed between the levels of IL6 and IL10 in GCF. Analysis of periodontal pathogens, showed an association between the presence of: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis and plasma levels of IL-6 (p=0.017, 0.033 and 0.024, respectively).

Relación entre los niveles de compuestos volátiles sulfurados con los niveles de RANKL y OPG en pacientes con periodontitis crónica moderada o severa: estudio transversal / Relationship between the levels of volatile sulfur compounds with the levels of RANKL and OPG in patients with moderate or severe periodontitis: A cross sectional study

Antecedentes: El efecto de los Compuestos Volátiles Sulfurados (CVS) sobre los tejidos periodontales, específicamente a nivel del eje RANKL/OPG, no ha sido dilucidado y en la actualidad existe escasa literatura al respecto publicada. Objetivo: Evaluar si los CVS medidos en la cavidad oral de pacientes con periodontitis crónica moderada a severa se relacionan con la expresión de RANKL y OPG a nivel de fluido gingival crevicular (FGC). Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 71 pacientes derivados de la Unidad de Diagnóstico de la Clínica Odontológica Docente Asistencial de la Universidad de los Andes. Posterior a la realización de un examen periodontal completo se tomaron muestra de los niveles de CVS de la boca de los pacientes mediante un monitor de sulfuros y muestras de FGC para evaluar los niveles de RANKL y OPG mediante test de ELISA. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante test de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Al evaluar la correlación de los niveles de CVS con los niveles de RANKL, OPG y la razón RANKL/OPG, se observó un R de 0.098 con un p value = 0.41; -0.084 con un p value= 0.48 y 0.067 con un p value = 0.57 respectivamente. Conclusiones: El presente estudio no pudo demostrar si existe una relación entre los niveles de CVS con la expresión de RANKL y OPG en el FGC de pacientes con periodontitis crónica.

Background: The effect of the Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC) on the periodontal tissues, specifically at the RANKL/OPG level has not been elucidate and there is little literature published on this subject. Aim: To explore if the VSC levels measured in the oral cavity of patients with moderate or severe chronic periodontitis are correlated with the expression of RANKL and OPG at the gingival fluid level (GF). Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 71 patients referred by the Universidad de los Andes’s dentistry diagnosis department. After undergoing full-mouth periodontal exam, levels of CVS were recorded using a sulfur monitor and then GF was extracted to assess RANKL and OPG levels with ELISA. Data was analyzed with Spearman correlation test. Results: The correlation (R) between the VSC and the GF levels was 0.098 with a p value = 0.41; -0.084 with a p value = 0.48 y 0.067 with a p value = 0.57 respectively. Conclusions: This study could not demonstrate if there is a relation between the VSC levels and the expression of RANKL and OPG in the GF in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Differential expression of salivary glycoproteins in aggressive and chronic periodontitis

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to compare the pattern of secretion and the expression of mucin glycoprotein-2 (MG2) and lactoferrin in individuals with or without periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five individuals with aggressive periodontitis (APG), 5 with generalized chronic periodontitis (CPG) and 5 without periodontitis (CG) were enrolled after informed consent. Non-stimulated and stimulated submandibular and sublingual saliva was collected and samples analyzed by Western blot probed with specific antibodies. RESULTS: Stimulated and non-stimulated salivary flow rates did not differ among groups. Western blot analysis revealed that stimulation led to: an increase in MG2 expression in all groups, and to lactoferrin expression in APG and CPG. In non-stimulated saliva, CG exhibited the highest expression of both glycoproteins. In stimulated saliva, CG exhibited the highest expression of MG2, whereas APG the highest of lactoferrin. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of secretion of MG2 and lactoferrin in health and disease is complex. Although the present study analyzed samples from a limited number of participants, the reduced expression of MG2 and lactoferrin in APG and CPG under non-stimulated condition, the predominant circumstance of salivary secretion during the day, suggests that these salivary constituents may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of these diseases.